Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

In summary:

  1. The HPV vaccination is very effective in preventing HPV infection and therefore cancers associated with these serotypes.
  2. It is a prophylactic, not a therapeutic vaccine, and is given during childhood.
  3. It has health benefits for men.
  4. It is associated with very few side effects and is considered very safe.
  5. It does not prevent other sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea.

Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

What is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)?

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a fairly common viral infection, primarily affecting infants and children. It is caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses and often occurs in small outbreaks at crèches or day-care centres during the summer and autumn months.

Who is at risk for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?

Children under the age of 10 are most susceptible to HFMD. While it is uncommon in adults, individuals with weakened immune systems may be more prone to infection.

Where does Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease occur in South Africa?

HFMD can be found across South Africa, but most outbreaks typically happen in institutions like crèches or day-care centres.

How is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease transmitted?

The disease is spread from person to person through direct contact or droplets from the nose or mouth of an infected person. It can also be transmitted via contaminated objects (such as toys or stationery) and through faeces.

Does Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease affect animals?

HFMD does not occur in animals. It should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease, also known as hoof-and-mouth disease, which affects animals like sheep and cattle.

What are the signs and symptoms of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?

Symptoms usually begin 3 to 7 days after infection and last between 7 to 10 days. Common symptoms include:

  • Fever
  • Sore throat
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of appetite
  • Small blisters on the inside of the mouth, sides of the tongue, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet.

How is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease diagnosed?

HFMD is generally diagnosed based on clinical symptoms. In severe cases, throat or stool samples may be sent to a laboratory to test for the virus.

How is Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease treated?

There is no specific vaccine or treatment for HFMD. Symptoms like fever and pain from sores can be treated with medication. Affected individuals should rest and stay hydrated. The infection is usually self-limiting, clearing up without medication within 7 to 10 days. In rare cases, hospitalization may be required for complications.

How can Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease be prevented?

Good hygiene practices, such as regular hand-washing and avoiding the sharing of eating utensils (e.g., cutlery, cups, toothbrushes), can help prevent the spread of HFMD. Surfaces and shared items (like toys and stationery) should be regularly cleaned. Children should avoid direct contact with individuals who are unwell. Affected children can attend school if they are well enough, and there is no need to close schools when cases occur.

Where can I find more information?